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Dix–Hill Cartel
The Dix–Hill Cartel was an agreement concluded on July 22, 1862 between the Confederate and Union governments to handle the general exchange of prisoners of war. The negotiators were Union Major General John A. Dix and Confederate Major General D. H. Hill. The negotiations took place at Haxall's Landing on the James River in Virginia.〔From Dix's letter to Secretary of War E. Stanton, July 23, 1862, ''Official Records,'' Series II, Vol. 4, pp. 265-268. See also Bridges, ''Lee's Maverick General,'' p. 87.〕
== Earlier prisoner exchanges ==
At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Federal government adopted a tough attitude toward the rebels. The Lincoln administration wanted to avoid any action that might appear as an official recognition of the Confederate government in Richmond, including the formal transfer of military captives. In the North, public opinion on prisoner exchanges began to soften after the First Battle of Bull Run, when the rebels captured about one thousand Union soldiers.〔Hesseltine, ''Civil War Prisons,'' pp. 9-12.〕
Prior to the cartel's creation, Union and Confederate forces exchanged prisoners sporadically, usually as an act of humanity between opposing field commanders. In some cases, a transfer of only sick and wounded captives took place.〔See General Dix's letter to Gen. George McClellan, July 12, 1862, ''Official Records,'' Series II, Vol. 4, p. 177.〕 Exchanges for just a couple of prisoners between sides could prove very time-consuming to achieve.〔See the correspondence from October 10 to November 21, 1861 between CSA General Benjamin Huger and USN Admiral Louis M. Goldsborough about the exchange of Union Navy Lieutenant John L. Worden for Confederate Navy Lieutenant William Sharp. ''Official Records,'' Series II, Vol. 3, pp. 50, 52-53, 129, 132, 134-135, 137-140.〕 A few military commanders unfamiliar with the practice were reluctant to engage in exchanges without explicit approval and instruction from their superiors.〔See General U.S. Grant to CSA Gen. L. Polk, October 14, 1861, ''Official Records,'' Series II, Vol. 1, p. 511. See also USA General C. F. Smith to CSA General G. J. Pillow, November 26, 1861, ''Official Records,'' Series II, Vol. 1, p. 523.〕
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